In My Garden Blog
August 30, 2007
Northern California Coastal & Inland Valleys
By
Kim Haworth,
San Bruno, CA
This handsome fellow is munching his way to beauty in the Cal Train parking lot!
Be a Friend to Fennel
I see people busy clearing the wild fennel from their yards and empty lots. It breaks my heart because if you look closely at the elegant, ferny plants, you will see a multitude of Anise swallowtail caterpillars (Papilio zelicaon) munching away at the foliage. Wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is often mistaken for anise or dill. It is prevalent along roadways and in open fields. You can recognize it by its towering height (up to 10 feet!), the cap of lacy yellow flowers, and the foliage that's tasty to humans and swallowtails alike.
Wild fennel seems to thrive on neglect, needing neither water nor care of any kind. To survive the long, dry California summer, it has a tap root that forges through even the hardest adobe clay soil. Try to dig one of these hardy plants from the ground and you will see what I mean.
If you brush the foliage with your hand, the plant exudes a pleasing licorice scent. You can eat the fern-like foliage in spring, dig tender roots in early summer, and harvest the seeds in fall. No wonder the swallowtail butterfly finds refuge here -- it's delicious!
Wild fennel has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The Egyptians used it as a diuretic and to solve digestive problems. The Greeks also used it medicinally as a natural antacid.
How it Begins
In the early part of summer, a female swallowtail butterfly lays her eggs on the fennel plant. The eggs hatch into tiny caterpillars that look more like ladybug larvae in their early stages. As the tiny caterpillars much on the sweet fennel, they grow larger and larger, casting off their old skins as they grow. The caterpillars are camouflaged to protect themselves from predators. I imagine that a nice fat caterpillar would be a yummy treat for a hungry bird. It may be difficult to spot them right away, but look carefully among the foliage and you will find them.
A swallowtail caterpillar sheds its skin four or five times during this stage of life. Eventually, when fully grown, the caterpillar creates a silk pad on a sturdy twig and attaches itself to the plant. The skin splits for the last time as the caterpillar enters the pupa stage of life. It doesn't spin a cocoon like a moth; in the final stage of the shedding process the skin hardens to form a case around the caterpillar. It remains in this pupae state until it unfurls its wings and emerges as an anise swallowtail butterfly.
Live and Let Live
Now here's the rub: Those caterpillars have gone to all that trouble to turn themselves into beautiful butterflies. They aren't bothering anybody; they have made their homes in the weeds and are not eating your good garden plants. But all of a sudden, somebody gets a bee in their bonnet that they are going to "clean up" the yard and the next thing you know, the fennel plants have been chopped down and tossed into the compost pile, along with the butterfly chrysalis. Or worse still, sent off in a garbage truck!
Please, if you have wild fennel on your property, wait until the foliage dies back before you do your clean-up job. The anise swallowtails will thank you, and so will I!
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Comments on Be a Friend to Fennel
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Suzie
Hello - I currently don't have any "wild" fennel growing in our
garden in Monte Rio - - is it something I might want? If so, where
would I get the seeds, and what type of light does it require?
Thanks.
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Jenel Vincze
Your story of the caterpillar to butterfly is beautiful. I want to
watch it first hand. I, too, would be interested in finding out
about planting wild fennel in my yard.
Jenel
San Jose, CA
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Patty, Sonoma
If you want to have fennel in your garden, all you have to do is cut
a few ripe seed heads from fennel growing on the side of the road,
and shake them where you want fennel to grow. A word of caution:
unless you have plenty of room, or a wild spot in your garden, don't
plant it. Although it is the food source for the swallowtail
butterfly, it is on the list of invasive plants of California. I
have more fennel than I want on my 1.5 arces, but allow it to have
it's own corner of the property. It also pops up all along my path
leading to the compost pile!
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kimmie Haworth
Planting fennel is easy. All you have to do is grab a dry seed head
from an existing plant and shake it around a sunny area. It doesn't
require any care at all. Once the winter rains begin, the seeds will
germinate and you will be on your way to butterfly farming!
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Lynn Traber
What if you don't have wild fennel anywhere, but would like some??
Is there another source of the seed?
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Kimmie Haworth
Lyn, if you live on the Peninsula, there is plenty of fennel growing
in the Cal Train Parking lot in South San Francisco. I've seen it
all along the road ways all the way to Auburn. It's starting to die
back now, the seeds are ready to harvest. Just pluck a few flower
heads, I don't think anyone will notice.
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Lynn Traber
Thanks Kimmie, but I'm in the central valley! Guess I need to take
a trip to the coast, huh?? I wish I had known, because my husband
and I were in Sausalito just a couple of weeks ago. Do you know how
long the seed heads will be around? Thanks for your help. Lynn
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kimmie haworth
Lyn, there should be fennel growing along ditches and in pastures in
the central valley. The seed heads hang on until the rains begin and
even after you can easily shake the seeds free into the palm of your
hand.
Look for tall, rangy looking plants with ferny grown near the
ground. They will have lost most of their color by now, but the
plants look like tall weeds with woody stems. The flower heads are
at the tippy top and will have turned brown.
You may be able to find seeds at your local nursery, and if you
like, I can shake some seed from plants at the train station and
mail them to you.
Kimmie
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Lucretia
I live in CA, and dill will NOT grow in my clay soil garden... but
fennel LOVES it! I planted two small plants from my local nursery
three years ago, and they've gotten simply huge! I have a small
stand now, and it provides not only a place for many kinds of
butterflies and other insects, but the birds love the seeds, and it
provides almost the only shade in my garden. The lizards love it
too!
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Lynn Traber
Thanks Kimmie, but I found some bronze fennel seeds and I am hoping
that they will do the trick. Thanks for your kind offer, though!
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Kimmie Haworth
Lyn, I am going to grab some seeds from the train station when they
are ready, just to keep on hand. Let me know if your bronze fennel
thrives or dives.
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Lara Blom
So it sounds like this caterpillar pupates on the Fennel as well,
right? I've searched fennel plant after plant, having seen the
caterpillars a month ago, but the pupas are eluding me.
Suggestions?
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kimmie Haworth
It may be that the birds found the caterpillars before they set
their hard coverings. They should be fairly large, leaf colored and
stuck on tight. Look high on the plant near the flowers.
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anne Greenberg
We have found a caterpillar on some wild fennel that someone dumped
in our garage bins behind our apartment building. My 2 little girls
were very excited about it. We took it in with a branch of the
fennel but the caterpillar ate it all in no time, I went driving
around to find more wild fennel and finally found some by the side
of the road near a swamp area but the caterpillar does not seem to
want to eat it??? any idea what the problem could be?
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